1.3 Introduction to Macromolecules

What else do you need to know about Introduction to Macromolecules?

Conversely, you must understand that hydrolysis breaks covalent bonds between monomers by adding a water molecule, which splits into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxyl group that attach to the respective monomers. The focus in this topic is on the general chemical reactions of monomers and polymers, rather than the specific molecular structures of the resulting carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids (which are covered in subsequent topics).

Can you do these?

• I can describe how hydrolysis reactions cleave covalent bonds and break down polymers into monomers by adding water.
• I can describe how dehydration synthesis joins monomers together through covalent bonding, resulting in the loss of a water molecule to form a polymer.

How is Introduction to Macromolecules tested on the exam?

This topic is paired with Science Practice 2.A (Describe characteristics of visual representations of biological concepts and processes). You may be asked to interpret diagrams of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, identifying where water is removed or added and where covalent bonds are formed or broken. On the exam, many students struggle with precise language and similar terms (e.g., confusing 'protein' and 'proton'); accurate terminology is critical for earning points on free-response questions. Questions may also require you to make predictions and justify reasoning regarding how disruptions to these chemical reactions affect biological systems.